When I buy a Strata unit or ‘lot’ what do I actually own?
When you buy a unit or ‘lot’ in a Strata scheme you do not individually own everything within that lot. In fact, the external walls, structural internal walls, structural floor, roof and sometimes even some internal fittings do not usually belong to the lot owner.
These areas are usually common property, and this means that the maintenance and repair of these parts of the building are the responsibility of the Body Corporate. Many owners are unaware of this and as such cover the cost of repairs themselves. Although this can save the Body Corporate money in the short-term (in that owners may pay for repairs that are the responsibility of the strata scheme) it will also mean that the strata does not have control or visibility over the quality of tradespeople used – which can lead to issues later.
In fact, lot owners need permission to do things such as install services (e.g., cable television, phone or internet), knock down walls, install security or other screen doors, or replace locks on doors or windows.
To add further to this confusion, many owners often do not understand the exposure of the liabilities they take on when purchasing a lot in a strata scheme. Many are unaware that their liability does not end with the value of the property. Owners are in fact liable to the full extent of all their assets. Whilst thankfully it rarely comes to this, it is nevertheless important that all owners are aware of the extent of their exposures.
How can insurance help?
Many of the exposures that owners face will be covered by insurance, however others may not be covered under any insurance policy – such as those related to maintenance of the building, building defects, and faulty or defective workmanship. Owners may also be exposed in respect of historical issues that the Body Corporate is aware of, but that haven’t been addressed. For this reason alone, it is crucial to do your research prior to buying into a strata scheme.
To illustrate these issues, some examples are detailed below, with references to relevant types of insurance coverage available.
1) INSURED PROPERTY
Total loss – underinsurance
- Under most strata insurance policies, the insurer will only pay out a maximum of the sum insured for the property cover, even if the cost to replace is higher than the sum insured.
- Any shortfall between the sum insured and the replacement costs will be payable by the owners.
In Queensland, under the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld) (‘BCCM’) and its associated Regulation Modules, the owners have a statutory duty to ensure the building is insured for its full replacement value at the commencement of the rebuilding following loss or destruction. The individual owners forming part of the Body Corporate have an unlimited financial obligation in regard to any shortfall in terms of the actual replacement cost compared to the selected sum insured.
Some relevant statutory provisions include sections 197, 198 and 199 of the Body Corporate and Community Management (Standard Module) Regulation 2020 (Qld) (‘Standard Module’), which describe the requirements for the Body Corporate to insure all buildings, the common property and Body Corporate assets for full replacement value.
These sections also specify that policies must provide for reinstatement of buildings to their condition when new and must cover damage and costs incidental to the reinstatement and replacement of buildings, including the cost of removing debris and the fees of architects and other professional advisers.
The law is clear on what must occur to ensure the assets of individual owners are not exposed. Therefore, a professionally qualified valuer should be considered absolutely necessary to provide an appropriate answer in terms of the insurance sums insured required. It remains, however, the responsibility of the Body Corporate to issue the correct instructions to the valuer. The instructions issued are the critical factor that will determine if the selected sums insured are sufficient.
Uninsured event
If there is an uninsured event, a special levy may have to be raised. A question you will have to ask is what is your capacity to obtain any necessary additional finances? Another consideration is around the market price of the lot. This may be impacted by the need to raise funds (because it will be listed in the strata records), and in the event of not being able to raise additional funds to cover special levies, owners may even be forced to sell their lot. Will the sale of the unit be enough to cover your debt? It is also important to realise that it doesn’t have to be your lot that has been impacted. It may be a lot on the other side of the building or in a separate building on the same strata scheme. Liabilities and levies apply to ALL of the scheme.
As specialist strata policies have been developed over many years, they generally cater for the majority of events that will foreseeably impact a strata scheme. However, as discussed previously, some circumstances are typically not covered by all insurers and, as such, it is crucial that owners evaluate the covers offered by each insurer by reference to their own needs and are comfortable with the covers offered and limits selected.
2) LIABILITY TO OTHERS
Section 206 of the Standard Module states that the minimum amount of liability insurance legally required is at least $10 Million. Whilst this sounds like, and is, a large amount, judgments for liability can be much larger.
When personal injury is involved, there are a number of factors that are considered when determining the size of the liability payment, including the future potential earning power of the individual. When children, highly-skilled or highly-paid individuals are impacted, settlements can be very large.
As the Body Corporate is the insured, the individual owners will be liable for any difference between the coverage limit selected and any settlement/judgment amount(s). It is important for owners to realise too, that the relevant incident does not need to happen in their lot for liability to extend to them. The Body Corporate is responsible for the building as defined by the BCCM Act and, as such, all individual owners share the liability.
3) OFFICE BEARERS LIABILITY
This cover is designed to protect the strata committee for claims made against the office bearers, either individually or collectively, for ‘Wrongful Acts’ – including associated costs of damages, judgments, settlements, orders for costs and defence costs.
A Strata committee within a Body Corporate can be made up of a group of owners who do not necessarily have any experience in the running of a building. The potential for being sued exists because errors, misstatements, omissions, neglect and breach of duty do occur, despite best intentions of both the individuals and the group. Where this occurs, without insurance, both committee members and other Body Corporate members may be personally exposed to defence costs at a minimum and, at worst, a substantial judgment against them.
Office bearers liability is an optional cover under the Act, so if the owners have chosen not to have any cover, then liability for covering defence costs and any judgments will fall to the council member(s) personally. If there is cover, any shortfall between the amount payable and the limit in cover will also fall to the committee member(s) or the Body Corporate. For this reason, it is important for committee member(s) to be satisfied that the level of cover is sufficient.
How do I manage my risk?
Although this sounds frightening, it is important to remember that thorough research will limit the exposure of individual owners – and whilst it may not be possible to remove all risk, it will at least ensure that owners are aware of, and accept, the amount of liability they are taking on.
Areas to research prior to buying a lot in a strata scheme include:
The strata records, minutes of previous meetings, and reports on the building. These will be available for review prior to purchase and should not be ignored, and should identify issues the Body Corporate knows about, including what steps (if any) have been taken to remedy them.
Who is the developer? Not all developers and builders are the same or have the same standards, so it is crucial to ensure you are satisfied your standards have been met.
Review the insurance that is in place and confirm covers and sectional limits meet the needs of the building and the owners.
This information is general in nature only and does not constitute financial product or legal advice. References to insurance coverage and policy terms and conditions are by way of summary only. For full details of any policy’s terms, conditions, benefits and exclusions, please refer to the relevant Product Disclosure Statement.
